Encoding of Genetic Information¶
BEP6 introduces a proper syntax for representing epigenetic modifications, such as methylation for BEL 2.0.0+. The syntax follows the same style as the protein modification syntax, and can follow the identifier for a gene. A reference implementation has been included in PyBEL.
Epigenetics¶
The gene modification function, gmod()
, as a syntax for encoding epigenetic
modifications. Its usage mirrors the pmod()
function for proteins and includes
arguments for methylation.
The options for gmod()
are currently:
M
,Me
, andmethylation
all refer to methylation on the given geneA
,Ac
, andacetylation
all refer to acetylation on the given gene
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)¶
In general, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) refers to a variant in a genetic sequence. The de facto identifiers for these variations are the RS numbers from dbSNP. A given identifier can point to two types of information: intrageneic SNPs and intergenic SNPs.
Intragenic SNPs¶
A variation in the sequence of a protein-coding gene can have the consequence of an amino acid substitution or differential expression of the gene. In these cases, it’s important to explicitly code a BEL statement linking a SNP to its gene with the variation to which it refers. Since BEL 2.0, variants can be encoded according to the HGVS nomenclature.
A variant can be named multiple ways depending on the “reference sequence”
used. While it is possible to refer to a variation by the amino acid sequence
or the chromosomal sequence, it is much easier to interpret biologically when
using the gene reference sequence. Given an RS
identifier, dbSNP lists the
reference sequence identifier and the HGVS string based on many of these
sequences. More specifically, reference sequence identifiers starting with
NM
or XM
refer to the genetic sequence (and should all have the same
HGVS string), while the NC
identifiers refer to the chromosome sequence
and should be disregarded.
In the future, there might be a way to automate this procedure, but as a
curator wants to encode intragenic SNPs, they should also make this equivalence
explicit. These statements can be grouped together in a citation to dbSNP, the
evidence can be dummy text, and the confidence level can be set with
SET Confidence = "Axiomatic"
.
First, dbSNP can be included using a regular expression definition of a namespace, since there are potentially billions of enumerated SNPs. This is a BEL 2.0.0+ feature that was proposed in BEP5. Identifiers.org lists the database information at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/miriam/main/datatypes/MIR:00000161, and includes a regular expression that all accession numbers follow. This can be included as
The following is an example from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=1235 that
uses the equivalentTo
relationship proposed by BEP4
for BEL 2.0.0+ to link a dbSNP entry to the HGVS nomenclature applied to a gene.
A reference implementation is provided by PyBEL, in which the hasVariant relationship
g(HGNC:MDGA2) hasVariant g(dbSNP:rs1235)
is automatically added by the compiler.
An example from a genome-wide association study:
Intergenic SNPs¶
Some SNPs are not directly part of coding genes’ regions. For these SNPs, it is not necessary to encode a relationship to a gene.
However, this also means that their functional consequences do not follow directly from the causal relationships connected to a particular gene. It must be kept in mind that these SNPs will need further qualifications to become useful, such as associations from LD-Block analysis or other studies from eQTL, etc.
LD-Block Information¶
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) block analysis find SNPs that co-occur together. These relationships can be inferred from data-driven approaches.
TODO
eQTL Information¶
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) connect variants to gene expression patterns.
TODO